Patahan / sesar adalah struktur rekahan yang telah mengalami pergeseran. Umumnya disertai oleh struktur yang lain seperti lipatan, rekahan dsb. Adapun di lapangan indikasi suatu sesar / patahan dapat dikenal melalui
- Gawir sesar atau bidang sesar;
- Breksiasi, gouge, milonit, ;
- Deretan mata air;
- Sumber air panas;
- Penyimpangan / pergeseran kedudukan lapisan;
- Gejala-gejala struktur minor seperti: cermin sesar, gores garis, lipatan dsb.
Sesar dapat dibagi kedalam beberapa jenis/tipe tergantung pada arah relatif pergeserannya. Selama patahan/sesar dianggap sebagai suatu bidang datar, maka konsep jurus dan kemiringan juga dapat dipakai, dengan demikian jurus dan kemiringan dari suatu bidang sesar dapat diukur dan ditentukan.
Dip Slip Faults
Dip Slip Faults adalah patahan yang bidang patahannya menyudut (inclined) dan pergeseran relatifnya berada disepanjang bidang patahannya atau offset terjadi disepanjang arah kemiringannya. Sebagai catatan bahwa ketika kita melihat pergeseran pada setiap patahan, kita tidak mengetahui sisi yang sebelah mana yang sebenarnya bergerak atau jika kedua sisinya bergerak, semuanya dapat kita tentukan melalui pergerakan relatifnya. Untuk setiap bidang patahan yang yang mempunyai kemiringan, maka dapat kita tentukan bahwa blok yang berada diatas patahan sebagai “hanging wall block” dan blok yang berada dibawah patahan dikenal sebagai “footwall block”.
Normal Faults
Normal Faults adalah patahan yang terjadi karena gaya tegasan tensional horisontal pada batuan yang bersifat retas dimana “hangingwall block” telah mengalami pergeseran relatif ke arah bagian bawah terhadap “footwall block”.
Horsts & Gabens
Horsts & Gabens dalam kaitannya dengan sesar normal yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari tegasan tensional, seringkali dijumpai sesar-sesar normal yang berpasang pasangan dengan bidang patahan yang berlawanan. Dalam kasus yang demikian, maka bagian dari blok-blok yang turun akan membentuk “graben” sedangkan pasangan dari blok-blok yang terangkat sebagai “horst”. Contoh kasus dari pengaruh gaya tegasan tensional yang bekerja pada kerak bumi pada saat ini adalah “East African Rift Valley” suatu wilayah dimana terjadi pemekaran benua yang menghasilkan suatu “Rift”. Contoh lainnya yang saat ini juga terjadi pemekaran kerak bumi adalah wilayah di bagian barat Amerika Serikat, yaitu di Nevada, Utah, dan Idaho.
Half-Grabens
Half-Grabens adalah patahan normal yang bidang patahannya berbentuk lengkungan dengan besar kemiringannya semakin berkurang kearah bagian bawah sehingga dapat menyebabkan blok yang turun mengalami rotasi.
Reverse Faults
Reverse Faults adalah patahan hasil dari gaya tegasan kompresional horisontal pada batuan yang bersifat retas, dimana “hangingwall block” berpindah relatif kearah atas terhadap “footwall block”.
A Thrust Fault
A Thrust Fault adalah patahan “reverse fault” yang kemiringan bidang patahannya lebih kecil dari 150. . Pergeseran dari sesar “Thrust fault” dapat mencapai hingga ratusan kilometer sehingga memungkinkan batuan yang lebih tua dijumpai menutupi batuan yang lebih muda.
Strike Slip Faults
Strike Slip Faults adalah patahan yang pergerakan relatifnya berarah horisontal mengikuti arah patahan. Patahan jenis ini berasal dari tegasan geser yang bekerja di dalam kerak bumi. Patahan jenis “strike slip fault” dapat dibagi menjadi 2(dua) tergantung pada sifat pergerakannya. Dengan mengamati pada salah satu sisi bidang patahan dan dengan melihat kearah bidang patahan yang berlawanan, maka jika bidang pada salah satu sisi bergerak kearah kiri kita sebut sebagai patahan “left-lateral strike-slip fault”. Jika bidang patahan pada sisi lainnya bergerak ke arah kanan, maka kita namakan sebagai “right-lateral strike-slip fault”. Contoh patahan jenis “strike slip fault” yang sangat terkenal adalah patahan “San Andreas” di California dengan panjang mencapai lebih dari 600 km.
Transform-Faults
Transform-Faults adalah jenis patahan “strike-slip faults” yang khas terjadi pada batas lempeng, dimana dua lempeng saling berpapasan satu dan lainnya secara horisontal. Jenis patahan transform umumnya terjadi di pematang samudra yang mengalami pergeseran (offset), dimana patahan transform hanya terjadi diantara batas kedua pematang, sedangkan dibagian luar dari kedua batas pematang tidak terjadi pergerakan relatif diantara kedua bloknya karena blok tersebut bergerak dengan arah yang sama. Daerah ini dikenal sebagai zona rekahan (fracture zones). Patahan “San Andreas” di California termasuk jenis patahan “transform fault”.
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